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Frequently Asked Questions
1. Black History Month
2. The
Negro National Anthem: Lift Every Voice and Sing (Links to a new page)
3. Martin Luther King Jr. Day
4. Kwanzaa
5. Juneteenth
6. Food!
7. Black Nationalism: Colors and flag, movement
8. NAACP
9. National Urban League
10. National Council of Negro
Women
11. Rainbow/PUSH Coalition
12. Southern Christian Leadership Conference
The Origin of "Black History
Month"
Official Theme:
2008 Carter G.Woodson and the Origins of Multiculturalism
2009 The Quest for Black Citizenship in the Americas
2010 The History of Black Economic Empowerment
2011 African Americans and the Civil War
Carter G. Woodson, (1875-1950) noted Black scholar and historian
and son of former slaves, founded the Association for the Study of Negro
Life and History in 1915, which was later renamed the Association
for the Study of Afro-American Life and History (ASALH).He initiated
Black History Week, February 12, 1926.
For many years the 2nd week of February (chosen so as to coincide with
the birthdays of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln) was celebrated
by Black people in the United States. In 1976, as part of the nation's
Bicentennial, it was expanded and became established as Black History Month,
and is now celebrated all over North America.
- The ASALH has established the national
theme since 1926. The Association has historically worked to conserve,
preserve and perpetuate African American history and culture. Their Black
History Learning Resource Package (available by mail for a small charge)
contains lesson plans and other resources and is available with other resources
in the online store.
- African American Art Prints & Posters at AllPosters.com
- African American
Read-In http://www.ncte.org/prog/readin/107901.htm
Sign up to read literature by Black authors on the first Sunday 4
P.M. EST (and Monday anytime) in February! You can download a packet and
recommended reading lists at the National
Council of Teachers of English Sponsored by the Black Caucus of the
National Council of Teachers of English with the endorsement of The International
Reading Association.
African American Art Prints
& Posters
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The Origin of Martin Luther King Day, January 15 (Federal
Holiday Celebrated: Third Monday in January)
The Official theme is the same each year:
"Remember! Celebrate! Act! Day On, Not A Day Off!!"
Martin Luther King Center
Website http://www.thekingcenter.org/
On April 8, 1968 - four days after Dr. King was assassinated - Congressman
John Conyers (D-Mich) introduced the first legislation providing for a
federal holiday. But that dream wasn't realized until nearly 20 years later
All through the 1970's and 80's controversy surrounded the idea of a
Martin Luther King Day. Congresspersons and citizens had petitioned the
President to make January 15, Martin Luther King's birthday, a federal
legal holiday. Others wanted to make the holiday on the day he died...while
some people did not want to have a holiday at all.
January 15 had been observed as a legal holiday for many years in 27
states and Washington, D.C. Finally, in 1986, President Ronald Reagan declared
the third Monday in January a federal legal holiday commemorating Dr. Martin
Luther King's birthday. Yet not until 1999 was the holiday celebrated by
all 50 states. The holiday is celebrated in some form in 100 countries
around the world.
Established in 1968 by Coretta Scott King, The
King Center is the official, living memorial dedicated to the advancement
of the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., leader of America's greatest
nonviolent movement for justice, equality and peace.
Biographical Outline
at the King Center
Chronology
at the King Center
MLK Related Historic Places & Resources
Martin Luther King Jr National Historic
Site (National Park Service)
The Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site was established
in 1980 to protect and interpret the places where Dr. King was born (January
15, 1929) worked, worshipped and is buried. Learn about special events,
educational programs, and see
a picture of King's birthplace.
Morehouse College:
Martin Luther King Jr. International Chapel
1944 - 1948 King attended Morehouse College, a historically black,
male college founded in 1867. He earned a BA degree in Sociology. The Chapel
is a living religious memorial, with a mission to "develop, promote
and accomplish clergy, laity, and youth awakening through reconciliation,
non-violence, science, spirituality and the building of global "communities
of hope."
Historic Ebenezer Baptist
Church
King was ordained to the Baptist ministry in 1948, and appointed associate
pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. In 1960, he became co-pastor
with his father, Rev. Martin Luther King Sr.
Coretta Scott King
Biography (at the King Center, which she founded in
Reflections
on her legacy, National Public Radio
Martin Luther King Jr. married Coretta Scott in Marion, Alabama June
18, 1953. They would ultimately have 4 children: Yolanda Denise (1955)
Martin Luther III (1957) Dexter Scott (1961) and Bernice Albertine (1962.)
Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
(Now Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church) founded in 1877
1953, Appointed as the twentieth pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist
Church in Montgomery, Alabama. His office would become the base for The
Montgomery Bus Boycott the following year.
Montgomery Bus Boycott:
The Story of Rosa Parks and the Civil Rights Movement http://www.montgomeryboycott.com/
The Montgomery Bus Boycott began on December 5, 1955 after Rosa Parks
was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on the bus.
The boycott lasted for 381 days and ended on December 21, 1956, with the
desegregation of the Montgomery bus system. The boycott was carried out
by the newly established Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). Martin
Luther King, Jr. served as President and Ralph David Abernathy served as
Program Director. It was one of history's most dramatic and massive nonviolent
protests, stunning the nation and the world.
Hosted by the Montgomery Advertiser, this site provides
a history of the boycott and much more: historic documents, sound clips,
photos and free access to newspaper articles from the period. Contrary
to popular belief, Dr. King didn't start the boycott (it had been planned
for over a year by the Montgomery Improvement Association and the Women's
Political Council) but he soon became its national voice and face after
being elected to lead it.
Mighty
Times: The Legacy of Rosa Parks. Video and teacher's kit available
free from Teaching Tolerance
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
http://sclcnational.org
In 1957, As bus boycotts spread across the South, leaders of the MIA
and other protest groups met in Atlanta on January 10 11 to form
a regional organization and coordinate protest activities across the South.
That organization evolved into the Southern Christian Leadership Conference,
with Dr. King serving as its first President from 1957-1968. Basic decisions
made by the founders at these early meeting included the adoption of nonviolent
mass action as the cornerstone of strategy, the affiliation of local community
organizations with SCLC across the South, and a determination to make the
SCLC movement open to all, regardless of race, religion, or background.
SCLC is a now a nation wide organization made up of chapters and affiliates
with programs that affect the lives of all Americans.
Martin
Luther King, Jr., and the Power of Nonviolence (Lesson Plan Grades 6-8)
In 1959, Dr. and Mrs. King spent a month in India studying Mahatma Gandhi's
March techniques of nonviolence as guests of Prime Minister Jawaharal Nehru.
(He had begun to study the life and teachings of Gandhi in 1948 while at
Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania.) This lesson plan
for grades 6-8 introduces students to Martin Luther King, Jr.'s philosophy
of nonviolence and the teachings of Mohandas K. Gandhi that influenced
King's views.
Letter From
Birminham Jail (text and audio recordings)
1963 Sit-in demonstrations are held in Birmingham, Alabama to protest
segregation of eating facilities. Dr. King is arrested during a demonstration,
and writes the "Letter From A Birmingham Jail" while imprisoned.
March on Washington:
"I Have A Dream"
August 28, 1963 - The March on Washington, the first large-scale integrated
protest march, is held in Washington, D.C. Dr. King delivers his "I
Have A Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. Afterwards
he and other Civil Rights leaders meet with President John F. Kennedy in
the White House. In 2003, NPR celebrated the 40th anniversary with this
web resource and a series of special broadcasts.
Nobel Peace Prize
On December 10, 1964, Dr. King received the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo,
Norway. This site contains texts and audio clips of the Presentation Speech,
Acceptance Speech, Nobel Lecture.
National Civil Rights Museum
April 4, 1968: Dr. King is assassinated as he stands talking on the
balcony of his second-floor room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis. He dies
in St. Joseph's Hospital from a gunshot wound in the neck. He is buried
in Atlanta, Georgia
MLK Posters, etc at AllPosters.com
A Knock at Midnight: Original Recordings of Reverend Martin Luther
King Jr. Audio Program Total running time: 8 hours.
Listen to two audiobooks for FREE at Audible.com (Search this title when you arrive at
the welcome page)
This unique collection features a selection of Dr. King's best sermons
- some not heard since he first delivered them - recorded at Ebenezer Baptist
Church, Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, and in other churches where he carried
his ministry. They include "Rediscovering Lost Values," "A
Knock at Midnight," "The American Dream," and "When
Jesus Called a Man a Fool." Each is introduced by a distinguished
member of today's spiritual community, including Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker,
Dr. Joan Campbell, and Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Winner of Publishers
Weekly Listen Up Award: Best Audio of 1998, Use of Archival Tape 
Martin
Luther King Papers Project http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/
On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his stirring "I
Have A Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington
DC. You'll find the text of that speech and others, along with audio clips,
information about internships and more. (Requires Internet Explorer or
Netscape 6 to view.)
Honor Dr. Martin
Luther King Jr. in Your Classroom http://www.ncte.org/middle/teaching/123441.htm
Lesson plans and resources provided by the National Council of Teachers
of English.
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The Origin of Kwanzaa - December 26 through January
1
KWANZAA is celebrated seven days; from December 26 through January
1, a period which represents the end of an old year and the beginning of
a new one. It was created in 1966 by Dr. Maulana Karenga, a scholar-activist
who is currently professor and chair of the Department of Black Studies
at California State University at Long Beach. It is an African American
holiday based on harvest festivals, and celebrates family, community and
culture.
The U.S. Post Office has a $.37 Kwanzaa commemorative stamp. If you
don't find it at your local post office, you can order it online.
This is the website founded by Dr. Maulana Karenga, and provides detailed
information about the history, symbolism, greetings, gifts, colors and
decorations of Kwanzaa. It also provides a section of "Frequently
Asked Questions," an annual greeting from Dr. Karenga, and recommended
books, music and videos.
As the popularity of Kwanzaa grows, it has also become commercialized.
"Therefore, the central interest of this website is to provide information
which reveals and reaffirms the integrity, beauty and expansive meaning
of the holiday and thus aids in our approaching it with the depth of thought,
dignity, and sense of specialness it deserves."
- The Kwanzaa Album. Women of the Calabash. Bermuda Reefs Records,
1998. CD. Order or listen at Amazon.com
This album is the premier authentic collection of music inspired by
and based upon the ideals, stories and history of Kwanzaa. A standout for
me is "Mya Si Grei", a traditional song which originated in Guyana,
sung by enslaved Africans and passed down to their children. The lyrics
roughly translate into "Even though we are here in these terrible
conditions, we are still the same proud, noble people we always were."
I also enjoyed their version of "Lift Every Voice."
- Kwanzaa : A Celebration of Family, Community and Culture. Maulana
Karenga . University of Sankore Press, 1997. Available at Amazon.com
Everything you could ever want to know about Kwanzaa, written by the
founder. Beautifully illustrated, this book belongs in every school library.
- How to Plan a Kwanzaa Celebration: Ideas For Family, Community
and Public Events by Ida Gamble-Gumbs, Ida R. Gumbs, Bob Gumbs. Cultural
Expressions, 1998. Available at Amazon.com
A guide to planning small and large Kwanzaa celebrations. Contains information
on: the origin of Kwanzaa and the Nguzo Saba (The Seven Principles), the
symbols of Kwanzaa, celebrating Kwanzaa, Planning a celebration, sample
Kwanzaa celebration program, Kwanzaa holiday recipes, and African Fashion
ideas. This is a great resource for under $10.
Preview
more Kwanzaa related books, music and videos at Amazon.com
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Juneteenth, June 19
In 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation declared freedom for all slaves,
but the end of slavery was a slow and localized process because communications
weren't what they are today, and in many areas, there weren't enough Union
troops present to enforce it. Such was the case in Galveston, Texas. Not
until June 19, 1865, did Union soldiers land with news that the war had
ended and that all slaves were now free.
This news was met with both shock and jubilation, and June 19, or Juneteenth,
became the oldest known celebration of the end of slavery. The remembrance
of those festivities became particularly precious to former slaves and
their decendents, and has grown today to a worldwide celebration.
Learn more about it at the National Juneteenth Holiday Campaign
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The Black Nationalist Colors and Flag
Commissioned by Marcus Garvey, the "black flag" was
originally the flag of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, a "back
to Africa" organization of the 1920s. The red, black and green African
Liberation or Black Nationalist flag is a symbol of universal black racial
solidarity. The flag has three bars from top to bottom. Red represents
the blood of all black people, black stands for the black race and green
symbolizes land and nationhood. (Source: Chicago
Public Library)
The UNIA still has about 2000 members worldwide. You can visit their website
Marcus Garvey: Look for Me in the Whirlwind . 90 min. Produced
for The American Experience, 2001. Available at Amazon.com
Marcus Garvey was many things to many people. To the elite of the Harlem
Renaissance, he was a buffoon. To J. Edgar Hoover, he was a dangerous activitist...so
feared that the first black FBI agent was hired solely to infiltrate the
UNIA movement. But to hundreds of thousands - perhaps millions - of African
people around the world he brought a message of hope, pride and unity which
laid the foundation for the Black Power Movement. This video is rich in
music and imagery, and many points of view are expressed through interviews
with black historians, Garvey's contemporaries and two sons, and former
UNIA members.
Malcolm X: Make It Plain. Produced for The American Experience,
1995 Available at Amazon.com
Malcolm X is still a powerful presence, yet we know him mostly as an
icon. Using rare interviews, archival footage and photographs, this video
takes the viewer on an intellectual journey and chronicles the life and
evolution of Malcolm X. The man behind the myth is explored as people close
to him - including Maya Angelou, Ossie Davis, and Alex Haley - tell his
story.
Malcolm
X Posters and T-shirts at AllPosters.com
Black
Power Movement http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/2010/power.htm
The Black Power movement encouraged black people to be self-determined,
self-reliant, and self-defining and discouraged all forms of dependency
on American society. This site provides annotated links to a wide variety
of related resources, and accompanies a course entitled The Civil Rights
Movement and the Rise of the Black Power Movement.
It's About
Time: Black Panther Party Legacy and Alumni http://www.itsabouttimebpp.com/home/home.html
From the Statement of Purpose: "The It's About Time Committee is
committed to preserving and promoting the legacy of the Black Panther Party
(BPP) and its programs of community survival pending social change...We
have the responsibility to place our own experiences into historical context;
otherwise the legacy of the Black Panther Party will be ignored, dismissed
and distorted by today's commentators and tomorrow's historians. ..We will
maintain a network of Black Panther Party alumni and supporters for the
purpose of providing educational information to community groups or the
public at large regarding issues of social justice.
Malcolm X Research Site
http://www.brothermalcolm.net/
This extensive, comprehensive site includes a chronology, family biography,
photos, speeches and bibliography. It provides a study guide, links to
conferences, and discussion of Malcolm X's legacy and the radical black
tradition.
The Organization Us
http://www.us-organization.org/
The Organization Us was founded by Dr. Maulana Karenga and several advocates
on September 7,1965 following the Watts Revolt. "Out of the fires
and struggle of that period we projected a new vision of possibility thru
service, struggle and institution-building."
Founders of Kwanzaa.
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The NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded
in New York City by a group of black and white citizens committed to social
justice on February 12, 1909...the 100th anniversary of Lincoln's birth.
The founders include Ida Wells-Barnett, W.E.B. DuBois, Henry Moscowitz,
Mary White Ovington, Oswald Garrison Villiard, and William English Walling.
The principal objective of the NAACP is to ensure the political, educational,
social and economic equality of minority group citizens of the United States.
It is committed to non-violence.
You can learn more about both the NAACP's history and current activites
by visiting the NAACP website
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National Urban League
Founded in 1910, the Urban League is the nation's oldest and largest
community-based movement devoted to empowering African Americans to enter
the economic and social mainstream. The mission of the Urban League movement
is to enable African Americans to secure economic self-reliance, parity
and power and civil rights.Headquartered in New York City, it is a nonprofit,
nonpartisan, community-based movement. The heart of the Urban League movement
is their professionally staffed Urban League affiliates in over 100 cities
in 34 states and the District of Columbia. National Urban League website
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National Council of Negro Women
Founded in 1935 by Dr. Mary Mcleod Bethune with the goal of improving
the lives of black women and their families. Motto: Leave No One Behind.
NCNW Website
Rainbow/Push Coalition
"The National Rainbow/PUSH Coalition (RPC) is a multiracial, multi-issue,
international membership organization founded by Rev. Jesse L. Jackson,
Sr." It's mission is "uniting people of diverse ethnic, religious,
economic and political backgrounds to make America's promise of 'liberty
and justice for all' a reality." "RPC is the merger of Operation
PUSH (founded in 1971) and the National Rainbow Coalition (founded in 1985)
" Rainbow/Push Coalition Website
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
http://sclcnational.org/
The beginnings of the SCLC can be traced back to the Montgomery Bus
Boycott of 1955-56, and founders include Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, Dr.
Ralph David Abernathy, Rev. C. K. Steele, Rev. T. J. Jemison and Attorney
I. M. Augustine. This movement is grounded in the philosophy of nonviolent
resistance based on the lives and teachings of leaders such as Jesus Christ
and Mohandas Gandhi. Current programs include direct action and voter registration.
Food
African
Cookbook http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Cookbook/about_cb_wh.html
Menus and recipes from Africa, by country.
RecipeSource: Africa
African Bobotie, FuFu, Peanut Soup, Morrocan Lemon Chicken, Anise Bread
, Zimbabwe Greens and Yellow Raisin Rice are just a few of the 70 African
recipes you can try at this site.
Soul Foods http://www.thegutsygourmet.net/soul.html
Barbeque sauce, seafood gumbo, grits, black eyed peas, greens, beans
and more!
National Council of Negro Women, creators. The Historical Cookbook
of the American Negro. Reprinted by Beacon Press, 2000. Read more at
Amazon.com
This is a real gem back in print! First published in 1958, this book
includes contributions from NCNW members in thirty-six states and offers
exceptional insight into American history and the African American community
at the time of its publication. It's arranged according to the calendar
year, and even includes a recipe for Harriet Tubman's favorite dish.
The African-American Heritage Cookbook : Traditional Recipes and Fond
Remembrances from Alabama's Renowned Tuskegee Institute. By Carolyn
Quick Tillery. Birch Lane Press, 1997. Available at Amazon.com
Two hundred recipes and memories!
Larissa's Bread Book: Baking Bread & Telling Tales with Women
of the American South. By Lorraine Johnson-Coleman. Nashville: Rutledge
Hill Press, 2001. Available at Amazon.com
I love this book! It explores and celebrates the rich cultural diversity
of the south, through the eyes of a young girl and ten aging women who
share their memories...and their recipes. (There are twelve different versions
of cornbread...yum!) As the author writes, "...the South was never
only black and white, but was always a rich rainbow of ethnic groups..."
So you'll find represented here African-American, North European, Italian,
Mexican, Cajun, Appalachian, Cherokee and Jewish traditions.
Soumas Heritage Creole Cookbook. Panderina D. Soumas. Soumas Heritage
Creole Creations, 2000. Available at Amazon.com
Soumas' Creole roots include traditions from Louisiana, France, Haiti,
Florida and the Greek Islands. Where else will you find recipes for African
Rhythm Drummettes, Grandpa Charlie's Creole Bayou Cheese Ball, or Soumas
Shrimp Cakes?
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